Table 1 Relationship between ICU and hospital stay and risk factors (frequency (percentage) of categorical variables; mean ± SD of numerical variables showing normal distribution; median values (Min–Max) of numerical variables not normally distributed)
Risk Factors | ICU Length of Stay ≤ 5 Days | ICU Length of Stay > 5 Days | Hospital Length of Stay ≤ 24 Days | Hospital Length of Stay > 24 Days | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Median (Min–Max) Mean ± SD n (%) | Median (Min–Max) Mean ± SD n (%) | p | Median (Min–Max) Mean ± SD n (%) | Median (Min–Max) Mean ± SD n (%) | p | ||
Number of patients | 231 (%50.00) | 231 (%50.00) | 238 (%51.52) | 224 (%48.48) | |||
Age (year) | 74 (19–97) | 76 (22–95) | 0.529 | 76 (22–97) | 74 (19–94) | 0.122 | |
Gender | Male | 136 (%58.87) | 141 (%61.04) | 0.704 | 137 (%57.56) | 140 (%62.50) | 0.297 |
Female | 95 (%41.13) | 90 (%38.96) | 101 (%42.44) | 84 (%37.50) | |||
BMI (kg/m2) | 22.23 (7.70–38.56) | 22.04 (11.39–49.50) | 0.471 | 22.28 (7.70–41.42) | 21.88 (11.39–49.50) | 0.122 | |
Number of accompanying diseases | 1 (0–3) | 1 (0–5) | 0.231 | 1 (0–5) | 1 (0–4) | 0.571 | |
SOFA score | 5 (0–15) | 9 (1–18) | <0.001 | 6 (0–17) | 8 (0–18) | <0.001 | |
APACHE II score | 16 (2–41) | 20 (5–42) | <0.001 | 16 (2–40) | 21 (4–42) | <0.001 | |
GCS score | 15 (3–15) | 14 (3–15) | <0.001 | 14 (3–15) | 14 (3–15) | 0.004 | |
Body temperature (°C ) | 37.8 (21.2–42.0) | 37.5 (27.1–41.6) | 0.014 | 37.9 (35.1–42.0) | 37.5 (21.2–40.7) | 0.003 | |
Pulse rate (bpm)a | 104.93 ± 23.62 | 106.01 ± 22.35 | 0.612 | 104.04 ± 22.20 | 106.99 ± 23.73 | 0.168 | |
MAP (mmHg) | 82.67 (29.67–156.67) | 74.67 (32.33–157.00) | 0.001 | 83.67 (44.00–156.67) | 75 (29.67–157.00) | <0.001 | |
Respiratory rate/min | 24 (6–42) | 24 (6–50) | 0.687 | 24 (6–50) | 24 (6–44) | 0.822 | |
Number of leukocytes × 10^3/mm3 | 11.90 (0.30–43.30) | 11.50 (0.10–73.30) | 0.986 | 11.80 (1.10–54.30) | 11.65 (0.10–73.30) | 0.942 | |
HCT (%)a | 35.09 ± 6.67 | 34.48 ± 7.21 | 0.347 | 35.75 ± 6.07 | 33.74 ± 7.65 | 0.002 | |
Platelet count × 10^4/mm3 | 17.5 (1.2–63.7) | 14.7 (0.7–73.3) | 0.002 | 16.8 (1.2–54.8) | 15.05 (0.7–73.3) | 0.259 | |
Creatinine (mg/dl) | 1.04 (0.30–10.25) | 1.23 (0.13–11.02) | 0.011 | 1.08 (0.30–11.02) | 1.17 (0.13–9.89) | 0.121 | |
Blood glucose (mg/dl) | 150.50 (53–819) | 154.50 (11–1706) | 0.964 | 152 (33–927) | 152 (11–1706) | 0.889 | |
Na (mmol/l) | 136 (117–158) | 137 (110–175) | 0.002 | 136 (118–174) | 137 (110–175) | 0.379 | |
K (mmol/l) | 3.9 (2–8.4) | 4.1 (2–9) | 0.091 | 3.9 (2.3–8.4) | 4.1 (2–9) | 0.203 | |
Bilirubin (mg/dl) | 0.9 (0.1–22.0) | 0.9 (0.1–15.7) | 0.458 | 0.9 (0.1–15.7) | 0.9 (0.1–22.0) | 0.991 | |
pH | 7.41 (6.67–7.74) | 7.39 (6.81–7.56) | 0.002 | 7.41 (6.67–7.74) | 7.39 (6.81–7.58) | 0.012 | |
Lactic acid (mmol/l) | 2.20 (0–30.50) | 2.40 (0–28.00) | 0.030 | 2.40 (0–30.50) | 2.20 (0–28.00) | 0.478 | |
PaO2/FiO2 ratio | 277.14 (6.29–3176.19) | 206 (19.94–1388) | <0.001 | 256 (6.29–3176.19) | 236.88 (19.94–1388) | 0.018 | |
C–reactive protein (mg/dl) | 10.56 (0.03–61.89) | 13.59 (0.01–45.14) | 0.128 | 9.84 (0.03–46.70) | 15.34 (0.01–61.89) | <0.001 | |
Procalcitonin (ng/ml) | 7.94 (0.18–205.55) | 10 (0–459.14) | 0.820 | 7.33 (0.19–223.48) | 10 (0–459.14) | 0.398 | |
Use of albumin | No | 212 (%91.77) | 172 (%74.78) | <0.001 | 216 (%91.14) | 168 (%75) | <0.001 |
Yes | 19 (%8.23) | 58 (%25.22) | 21 (%8.86) | 56 (%25) | |||
Application of vasopressor agents | No | 156 (%68.42) | 87 (%37.83) | <0.001 | 166 (%70.34) | 77 (%34.68) | <0.001 |
Yes | 72 (%31.58) | 143 (%62.17) | 70 (%29.66) | 145 (%65.32) | |||
Steroid use | No | 209 (%90.48) | 177 (%76.96) | <0.001 | 214 (%90.30) | 172 (%76.79) | <0.001 |
Yes | 22 (%9.52) | 53 (%23.04) | 23 (%9.70) | 52 (%23.21) | |||
Immunosuppressive use | No | 224 (%96.97) | 222 (%96.94) | >0.999 | 232 (%97.48) | 214 (%96.40) | 0.592 |
Yes | 7 (%3.03) | 7 (%3.06) | 6 (%2.52) | 8 (%3.60) | |||
Time between diagnosis of sepsis and source control (h) b | NDD | 115 (%50.44) | 136 (%59.13) | 0.004 | 136 (%57.87) | 115 (%51.57) | 0.405 |
<12 | 100 (%43.86) | 69 (%30.00) | 80 (%34.04) | 89 (%39.91) | |||
12–24 | 10 (%4.39) | 13 (%5.65) | 13 (%5.53) | 10 (%4.48) | |||
24<= | 3 (%1.32) | 12 (%5.22) | 6 (%2.55) | 9 (%4.04) | |||
Time between diagnosis of sepsis and onset of antibiotics (h) b | None | 1 (%0.44) | 3 (%1.36) | 0.061 | 1 (%0.43) | 3 (%1.40) | 0.241 |
<1 | 73 (%32.02) | 90 (%40.91) | 78 (%33.48) | 85 (%39.53) | |||
1–3 | 120 (%52.63) | 90 (%40.91) | 119 (%51.07) | 91 (%42.33) | |||
3<= | 34 (%14.91) | 37 (%16.82) | 35 (%15.02) | 36 (%16.74) | |||
The need for MV in the first 24 hours | No | 169 (%73.16) | 101 (%44.30) | <0.001 | 181 (%76.69) | 89 (%39.91) | <0.001 |
Yes | 62 (%26.84) | 127 (%55.70) | 55 (%23.31) | 134 (%60.09) | |||